1. Describe what occurs in glycolysis, including general reactants and products.
Answers
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH in the process.
It is the first stage of cellular respiration, which is the process by which cells extract energy from glucose to power their activities. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell and consists of 10 chemical reactions, which can be divided into two stages: the energy investment phase and the energy payoff phase. The overall reaction of glycolysis can be summarized as:
Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi → 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H2O + 2 H+
In the energy investment phase, two ATP molecules are used to activate glucose, which is then split into two three-carbon molecules called glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P). Each G3P is then converted into pyruvate in the energy payoff phase, with the concomitant production of two ATP and two NADH molecules.
The ten steps of glycolysis can be summarized as follows:
1. Glucose is phosphorylated by ATP to form glucose-6-phosphate, which is then isomerized to fructose-6-phosphate.
2. Fructose-6-phosphate is phosphorylated by ATP to form fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
3. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is cleaved into two three-carbon molecules, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP).
4. DHAP is converted into G3P by an isomerization reaction.
5. Each G3P is oxidized by NAD+ to form NADH and a high-energy intermediate called 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.
6. 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate donates a high-energy phosphate group to ADP to form ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate.
7. 3-phosphoglycerate is converted into 2-phosphoglycerate.
8. 2-phosphoglycerate is converted into phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP).
9. PEP donates a high-energy phosphate group to ADP to form ATP and pyruvate.
10. Pyruvate is formed from each molecule of G3P, and in the process, two molecules of ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
In summary, glycolysis is a fundamental metabolic pathway that generates ATP and NADH from glucose. It is an important source of energy for cells and is a critical step in the process of cellular respiration.
To know more about glucose, please click on:
https://brainly.com/question/2396657
#SPJ11
Related Questions
how might the shape of a muscle cell be related to its function
Answers
Answer: The muscle cells long oval shape helps it reach across to pull on its neighboring cells, while also cimpressing into a circular shape when the fibers contract. This it take up an optimal amount of space while not make the cell bulge in an uncomfortable and awkward way.
Explanation:
PLEASEEE HELP!!!! In your own words, explain how the lac operon functions in a bacterial cell. Please be thorough in your description of how this system operates when lactose is present and when it is not.
Answers
The lac operon is a genetic regulatory system that controls the expression of genes involved in the metabolism of lactose in bacterial cells.
This system consists of three main components: the regulator gene, the operator site, and the structural genes. When lactose is not present in the cell, the lac operon is switched off by a repressor protein encoded by the regulator gene. The repressor binds to the operator site, which is a specific DNA sequence located near the structural genes, and prevents the RNA polymerase from transcribing the genes involved in lactose metabolism.
However, when lactose is present in the cell, it binds to the repressor protein and changes its conformation, causing it to dissociate from the operator site. This allows the RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter region and transcribe the genes necessary for lactose metabolism.
The structural genes of the lac operon include lacZ, lacY, and lacA, which encode for β-galactosidase, lactose permease, and transacetylase, respectively. β-galactosidase breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose, lactose permease facilitates the entry of lactose into the cell, and transacetylase is involved in the detoxification of certain lactose derivatives.
Overall, the lac operon is a finely tuned regulatory system that enables bacterial cells to adapt to their environment and efficiently utilize lactose as a nutrient source.
More on lac operon: https://brainly.com/question/31976152
#SPJ11
3. Evaluate Information Sodium is an example of an alkali metal. The alkoli metals are
found in the leftmost column of the periodic table, known as Group 1. Use the interactive
periodic table to explore the properties of the following alkali metals: lithium (Li), sodium
(No), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), and cesium (Cs). The animations demonstrate a chemical
property common to alkali metals: they react with water. How does the reactivity vary
among this group of elements? Why might patterns like this be useful to scientists?
Answers
Answer: This might be helpful because t is a good basis for organizing elements because each element has a unique number of protons and atomic mass is an indirect way of organizing elements by number of protons.
Raw food and food-handling equipment can be decontaminated with ________ to reduce the risk of listeriosis.A) heat, but not radiationB) radiation, but not heatC) radiation and heatD) neither radiation nor heat
Answers
The answer to the question is option C - radiation and heat can be used to decontaminate raw food and food-handling equipment to reduce the risk of listeriosis.
Both radiation and heat are effective methods for killing the bacteria that causes listeriosis. Radiation can be used in the form of gamma rays or electron beams, which penetrate the food or equipment and kill the bacteria. Heat, on the other hand, can be applied through methods such as pasteurization or cooking, which also kill the bacteria.
While both methods can be effective, it is important to note that not all foods or equipment can withstand high levels of radiation or heat. In such cases, alternative methods may need to be used to reduce the risk of listeriosis.
Overall, both radiation and heat can be used to decontaminate raw food and food-handling equipment to reduce the risk of listeriosis. However, it is important to consider the type of food or equipment being treated and to use appropriate methods that are effective while also ensuring the safety and quality of the food.
To learn more about listeriosis visit:
brainly.com/question/24275568
#SPJ11
in a hypotonic Solution, the concentration of solutes outside
the cell is lower than the?
A) concentration of fluid in
membrane
B) concentration or osmosis in membrane
C) concentration of diffusion in membrane
D) concentration of solutes in cell
Answers
Answer:
If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, there will be a net flow of water into the cell, and the cell will gain volume. If the solute concentration outside the cell is lower than inside the cell, and the solutes cannot cross the membrane, then that solution is hypotonic to the cell.
Explanation:
correct me if I'm wrong thank you
sorry this is only what I know thanks
#rightkeycee
Determine the stars colors and types.
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
A- Supergaint
B- White dwarf
C-White dwarf
D-
E-Main sequence
what was used to dispute continental drift
Answers
Answer:
In the past, there were various pieces of evidence that were used to dispute the idea of continental drift, which is the theory that suggests that continents have moved over time. These pieces of evidence were put forward by scientists who did not believe in the concept of continental drift.
Explanation:
Here are a few examples:
Lack of Mechanism: One argument against continental drift was the lack of a known mechanism that could cause the continents to move. Scientists questioned how continents, which are large land masses, could shift and change their positions without any clear explanation.
Fixed Continents: Another argument was that continents seemed to be fixed in their positions. Scientists believed that the continents were immovable and had always been in their current locations. They argued that the shapes of the continents fit together like puzzle pieces simply because they happened to look that way, not because they were once connected.
Gravitational Forces: Some scientists proposed that gravitational forces were responsible for the arrangement of continents. They suggested that the distribution of land masses on Earth was due to variations in gravity, rather than the movement of the continents themselves.
Geological Stability: The stability of the Earth's crust was also used as evidence against continental drift. Scientists believed that the Earth's crust was rigid and could not undergo significant movements or changes in shape.
However, over time, new evidence emerged, such as the discovery of mid-ocean ridges and magnetic anomalies, which supported the theory of continental drift. This led to the development of the theory of plate tectonics, which explains how the Earth's lithosphere (crust and upper mantle) is divided into several large plates that move and interact with each other, causing continental drift and other geological phenomena.
what part of a comet points most directly away from the sun?
Answers
The tail of the comet always points away from the sun no matter what direction the comet travels. Because the solar wind always blows out from the sun!
The tail actually has two parts – the dust tail and the ion tail. These can extend for millions of miles. The tail of the comet always points away from the sun no matter what direction the comet travels because the solar wind always blows out from the sun.
The owner of a white female poodle wants her dog to have white poppies. She takes her dog to a breeder, who tells her he will mate her poodle with a white male. Much to the owner's surprise, her poodle gives birth to black poppies, not white ones. She is suing the breeder, alleging he mated her poodle with a black male instead of a white one, which resulted in six unwanted black poppies. You know that the white hair allele is recessive to the dominant allele for black hair in poodles. Would you support the owner's allegation? Explain your answer
Answers
Answer:
No. If he would have mated the female with a white male, the whole progeny should be white.
Explanation:
Due to technical problems, you will find the complete explanation in the attached files.
what mammal has the largest brain relative to its body size?
Answers
Answer:
The noble tree shrew
Explanation:The tree shrew's brain is much larger compared to its body. 10 percent of its body weight is brain mass.
which part of the cell nucleus enables features to be passed from one generation
Answers
After an action potential is generated at the axon hillock, why is it conducted only in one direction?
A. The excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is not large enough to propagate the action potential in both directions.
B. The cell membrane in the wake of the potential is in the refractory phase.
C. The K+ ion channels in the cell membrane in the wake of the action potential stay closed.
D. The cell body exerts an electrostatic pressure, forcing the action potential to move toward the cell body.
Answers
An action potential is conducted only in one direction after being generated at the axon hillock because (B) the cell membrane is in the refractory phase.
The correct option is: (B) The cell membrane in the wake of the potential is in the refractory phase. This means the membrane cannot immediately generate another action potential in the same region or the axon hillock. This refractory period ensures that action potential moves only in one direction down the axon towards the synapse.
The refractory period is caused by the inactivation of voltage-gated Na+ channels and the activation of voltage-gated K+ channels that causes the membrane to become hyperpolarized and resistant to further depolarization.
Learn more about action potential: https://brainly.com/question/13606928
#SPJ11
macromolecules in which class have the key function of storing genetic information?
Answers
Genetic information is stored, transmitted, and expressed by nucleic acids, which are polymers. The sequences of monomers that make up nucleic acids are coded with this data.
Macromolecules are what?In essence, macromolecules are polymers—lengthy sequences of molecular building blocks known as monomers. Long polymers are present in carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. They are referred to as macromolecules since they are polymeric and huge in size.
What are macromolecules, and what are their purposes?A cell is made up of several large molecules known as macromolecules, which give it vital life-supporting functions. For instance, macromolecules offer structural support, a way to store energy, the capacity to store and retrieve genetic data, and the capacity to quicken metabolic processes.
To know more about Genetic information visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/13185061
#SPJ4
if an animal does not consume glucose how is the body still able to obtain the energy needed for cell processes
Answers
This process uses the cells that the animal already has to make the animal the protein it needs.
Hopefully this helped! x
Question: What do you know about animal production, processing,
marketing, and breeding?
Answers
Answer:
sex
Explanation
they have to sexual intercourse to produce a baby
Answer:
production produce marketing and breeding because they also born baby and processing foods also in there part of body
Explanation:
little bit only I don't know so much if you think the answer is correct then it ok
which reflex involves holding the breath and moving the arms and legs when placed in water?
Answers
The reflex that involves holding the breath and moving the arms and legs when placed in water is called the diving reflex.
This reflex is an instinctive response that occurs when a person's face comes into contact with water. The diving reflex causes the body to conserve oxygen by slowing the heart rate and redirecting blood flow to the brain and heart. This reflex is particularly strong in infants and young children, but it is also present in adults. The diving reflex is an important survival mechanism that helps to prevent drowning.
In summary, the diving reflex is the instinctive response that causes a person to hold their breath and move their arms and legs when they are placed in water. This reflex is an important survival mechanism that helps to prevent drowning.
To know more about diving reflex click on below link:
https://brainly.com/question/30692119#
#SPJ11
the name of the form of "some extinct animals are birds. all dinosaurs are extinct animals. thus, some dinosaurs are not birds" is
Answers
The name of the form of reasoning presented in the statement "some extinct animals are birds. all dinosaurs are extinct animals. thus, some dinosaurs are not birds" is **syllogism**.
Syllogism is a logical argument that consists of two premises and a conclusion. It follows a specific structure: a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion. The major premise establishes a general statement, the minor premise provides a specific statement, and the conclusion is drawn based on the relationship between the two premises. In the given example, the major premise is "all dinosaurs are extinct animals," the minor premise is "some extinct animals are birds," and the conclusion is "thus, some dinosaurs are not birds." The conclusion is derived by combining the information from both premises. Syllogisms are commonly used in logical reasoning and can help in drawing valid conclusions based on the relationships between different statements or propositions.
Learn more about Syllogism here:
https://brainly.com/question/14563386
#SPJ11
the anatomic makeup of which bone structures make them susceptible locations for osteomyelitis in children? (select all that apply.)
Answers
The anatomic makeup of which bone structures make them susceptible locations for osteomyelitis in children are
a). Hip joint
b). Distal femur
c). Proximal humerus
e).Lateral ankle
Osteomyelitis is a type of bone infection that is caused by bacteria. It is a rare but serious condition that can cause severe pain, swelling, and redness in the infected area. It can also lead to bone destruction, joint damage, and limb loss. Osteomyelitis can affect any bone in the body, but it is most commonly found in the long bones of the arms and legs. Treatment usually requires antibiotics and, in some cases, surgery.
Osteomyelitis in children is typically seen in the long bones of the arms and legs, such as the femur and humerus, as well as the distal radius and tibia. The hip joint and lateral ankle are also susceptible locations for osteomyelitis in children.
For more questions like Osteomyelitis click the link below:
https://brainly.com/question/13022480
#SPJ4
In the figure above, where does the neurotransmitter dopamine have its effect?.
Answers
At the end of aerobic cellular respiration, how many total carbon dioxide molecules are produced for each glucose metabolized?2463236
Answers
At the end of aerobic cellular respiration, a total of 6 carbon dioxide (CO2) molecules are produced for each glucose molecule metabolized.
During the process of aerobic cellular respiration, glucose is broken down into pyruvate molecules through glycolysis. Pyruvate then enters the mitochondria and undergoes the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle), where it is further broken down to produce energy. During this process, CO2 is released as a byproduct of the reactions.
In the citric acid cycle, each pyruvate molecule is broken down into 3 CO2 molecules. Since each glucose molecule is metabolized into two pyruvate molecules, the total number of CO2 molecules produced is 3 CO2 molecules x 2 pyruvate molecules = 6 CO2 molecules per glucose molecule.
Therefore, the correct answer is 6 carbon dioxide molecules.
To know more about aerobic here
https://brainly.com/question/211780
#SPJ4
List the four parameters of water quality measured.
Can someone tell me what this means..?
Answers
Answer:
Each station that measures the water quality characteristics....
Explanation:
like temperature and water level maybe....
Which process involves glucose reacting with oxygen to produce energy, carbon dioxide, and water?
Answers
Answer:
Respiration...................
Bill broke a test tube. He carefully picked up the broken pieces and placed them in the garbage can. He notified his teacher. Did Bill follow safe lab procedures? YES or NO What could potentially happen next in this situation?
Answers
Answer:
its b
Explanation:
LOL.....l just did it
No, Bill did not follow the safe lab procedures.
What are some safe lab procedures?Some of the safe lab procedures are as follows:
Wear protective equipment while working in a laboratory. Try to avoid eating in the laboratory. Utilize first aid immediately to an injury. Handle all the apparatus and chemicals with extreme care. Always required to stay focussed on your work.When a test tube is broken, you immediately check yourself first and ensure that it can not make any sort of injury to yourself. Then, inform the teacher or manager of the laboratory about this incident.
Then gather all sorts of pieces of broken test tubes carefully with the help of a broom, and placed them separately instead of using the same garbage can that consists of other waste compounds or substances in the laboratory.
Therefore, it can be estimated that Bill did not follow the safe lab procedures.
To learn more about Safe lab procedures, refer to the link:
https://brainly.com/question/26145870
#SPJ2
Which of the following isn’t one of the eight characteristics of life?
A) Homeostasis
B) growth
C) movement
D) using energy and resources
Answers
Answer: c)movement
Explanation:
According to the left
brain/right brain theory, if
you are "right brained", in
which activity are you MOST
likely to excel?
A. Facts
B. Math
C. Logic
D. Music
Helppp asappp
Answers
Once the response is achieved in a cell what would need to occur to stop the response?
Answers
Once the response is achieved in a cell then The relay proteins would need to be deactivated.
The signal is simply passed on to the next member of the chain by relay proteins. Messenger proteins transport information from one part of the cell to another. For example, activation may result in protein translocation from the cytosol to the nucleus.Guanine-nucleotide-binding proteins, also known as G proteins, are another major class of signaling enzymes that control a wide range of cellular functions such as motility, hormone responses, sensory perception, and neurotransmission. G proteins are molecular switches.
To know more about Proteins here
https://brainly.com/question/28296118
#SPJ4
the glomerulus is a unique high-pressure capillary bed because the
Answers
The glomerulus is a unique high-pressure capillary bed in the kidneys. This filtration bed is considered high pressure due to the type of vessels feeding and draining it. The afferent arteriole feeding the glomerulus is larger in diameter than the efferent arteriole draining the bed.
This anatomical characteristic makes the blood entering the bed to be under high pressure and leaves the bed under lower pressure. This pressure differential between the two arterioles forces fluids and solutes through the walls of the capillaries and into the urinary tubules for further filtration. Therefore, the larger diameter of the afferent arteriole provides a higher volume of blood under higher pressure to the glomerulus, increasing the efficiency of the filtration. The smaller diameter of the efferent arteriole slows the blood flow, increasing the pressure inside the capillaries and maintaining the high pressure in the bed. This anatomical feature provides a unique and efficient filtration mechanism to the kidneys.
learn more about glomerulus refer: https://brainly.com/question/30466548
#SPJ11
complete question: The glomerulus is a unique high-pressure capillary bed, because the ______ arteriole feeding it is larger in diameter than the ______ arteriole draining the bed.
The bacteria cell cycle does not have an analogous phase to the eukaryotic phase G2. The reason for this is that _____.
Answers
Answer:
At the same time, chromosome replication and partitioning take place.
Explanation:
The bacterium cell cycle does not have an equivalent phase to the eukaryotic cell's phase G2 since it completes two phases in one.
6. Who linked the principle of segregation to the process of meiosis?
Answers
The principle of segregation, also known as Mendel's first law, states that during the formation of gametes (sex cells), the alleles (different versions of a gene) for a trait separate from each other so that each gamete only carries one allele for that trait. The process of meiosis is the cellular division that produces gametes.
It was Gregor Mendel who originally observed the principle of segregation through his experiments with pea plants in the 1860s. However, it wasn't until the early 20th century that the connection between segregation and meiosis was made.
Theodor Boveri, a German biologist, first proposed in 1902 that meiosis was the mechanism responsible for Mendel's principle of segregation. Boveri's experiments with sea urchins showed that chromosomes, which carry the genes that determine traits, also separate during meiosis in a way that ensures each gamete only receives one copy of each chromosome.
Later, Thomas Hunt Morgan and his colleagues confirmed Boveri's hypothesis through their experiments with fruit flies. They observed that the segregation of traits followed the same pattern as the segregation of chromosomes during meiosis.
Overall, it was Boveri who first linked the principle of segregation to the process of meiosis, and his work laid the foundation for our modern understanding of genetics.
to know more about meiosis click this link
brainly.in/question/1853059
#SPJ11
where do the instructions used to create proteins originate
A. the nucleus
B. the ribosomes contain all the instructions
C. the brain
Answers
The instructions used to create proteins originate in the nucleus of a cell.
Option A is correct
Where does the nucleus contain?The nucleus contains the genetic material of the cell, which is in the form of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
Proteins are necessary for the structure, operation, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs, and DNA contains the instructions for their synthesis. Protein synthesis begins in the nucleus with the transcription of DNA into RNA (ribonucleic acid), which is then translated into proteins in the cytoplasm of the cell by ribosomes.
As a result, choice A is the correct answer .
Learn more about proteins at:
https://brainly.com/question/884935
#SPJ1